旋转阀的工作原理主要涉及电动机驱动减速机，通过联轴器或链轮使旋转阀的转子旋转。在旋转过程中，材料位于旋转叶片的空间内，叶片的旋转将材料带到排出口，材料的自重使其流入输送系统或储藏室。这种工作方式使得旋转卸料阀能够均匀、连续地向输料管供料，保证气力输出管内的气体和固体物质保持稳定，从而确保气力输送系统的正常工作。同时，旋转阀还具有锁气作用，能够隔断卸料阀上下部的气压。‌【电话/微信咨询：陈经理18068546632】　　高压旋转阀主要用于化工，食品，药材，锂电原料输送。　　针对有腐蚀物料、有害气体，实现零泄漏、耐腐蚀、耐磨。　　高压旋转卸料阀主要材质：不锈钢、哈氏合金、钛合金、铝合金、各种合金。　　常州同得利提供链驱动、直连驱动多种安装方式。　　我公司始终坚持“质量第 一、用户至 上”的宗旨，服务于社会，诚信于业界，竭诚欢迎世界各地的业界好友光临指导，洽谈合作。【电话/微信咨询：陈经理18068546632】      《扫二维码-添加 陈经理 微信-咨询链驱动高压旋转阀》　　The working principle of a rotary valve mainly involves an electric motor driving a reducer, which rotates the rotor of the rotary valve through a coupling or sprocket. During the rotation process, the material is located in the space of the rotating blades, and the rotation of the blades brings the material to the discharge outlet. The self weight of the material causes it to flow into the conveying system or storage room. This working method enables the rotary discharge valve to uniformly and continuously feed the conveying pipe, ensuring that the gas and solid substances in the pneumatic output pipe remain stable, thereby ensuring the normal operation of the pneumatic conveying system. At the same time, the rotary valve also has a locking effect, which can block the air pressure at the upper and lower parts of the discharge valve. ‌　　High pressure rotary valves are mainly used for transporting chemical, food, medicinal materials, and lithium battery raw materials.　　To achieve zero leakage, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance for corrosive materials and harmful gases.　　The main materials of high-pressure rotary discharge valve are stainless steel, Hastelloy, titanium alloy, aluminum alloy, and various alloys.　　Changzhou Tongdeli provides multiple installation methods for chain drive and direct drive.　　Our company always adheres to the principle of "quality first, customer first", serves society, and is honest in the industry. We sincerely welcome industry friends from all over the world to visit and guide us, and negotiate cooperation.

　　高温旋转阀/水冷式旋转阀/高温卸料阀，其外壳、盖板、转子以及轴承部件都采用循环水冷却，密封材料和轴承部分能承受在高温下正常运转，适用于钢厂、电厂、矿山、水泥、锅炉、锂电、化工、污泥逢烧、桔杆逢烧、窑底出料、锅炉排料、真空杀菌等行业。也可根据用户要求进行结构设计制造，确保安全正常工作。叶轮主轴采用全 面通水降温，避免高温形变，影响同心度。【电话/微信咨询：陈经理18068546632】　　需求1：变频给料阀/高温旋转阀：焙烧车间，用途：控制硫磺仓内硫磺的供给量。物料堆密度 t/m³：1.5.输送量 t/h：5.尺寸：DN200.阀门高度/mm：H≈420.阀体(上下壳体)材质：304.叶轮：304.物料温度：200~400℃，等级：10kv，380V/220V，50Hz。　　需求2：粉体旋转阀，4英寸卡接口，DN100 316L材质 手动 物料是有制药用粉末，高温度200℃蒸汽灭菌。　　需求3：物料：脱硫灰粉料，耐高温:400-500度，目前用的不锈钢材质。【电话/微信咨询：陈经理18068546632】        《扫二维码-添加 陈经理 微信-咨询链驱动高温旋转阀》　　High temperature rotary valve/water-cooled rotary valve/high temperature discharge valve, its shell, cover plate, rotor, and bearing components are all cooled by circulating water. The sealing material and bearing parts can withstand normal operation at high temperatures, and are suitable for industries such as steel mills, power plants, mines, cement, boilers, lithium batteries, chemical engineering, sludge co firing, orange rod co firing, kiln bottom discharge, boiler discharge, vacuum sterilization, etc. Structural design and manufacturing can also be carried out according to user requirements to ensure safe and normal operation. The impeller spindle adopts comprehensive water cooling to avoid high-temperature deformation and affect concentricity.　　Variable frequency feeding valve/high-temperature rotary valve: used in the roasting workshop to control the supply of sulfur in the sulfur silo. Material bulk density t/m ³: 1.5. Conveying capacity t/h: 5. Size: DN200. Valve height/mm: H ≈ 420. Valve body (upper and lower shells) material: 304. Impeller: 304. Material temperature: 200~400 ℃, grade: 10kV, 380V/220V, 50Hz.　　Powder rotary valve, 4-inch card interface, DN100 316L material manual material is pharmaceutical powder, high temperature 200 ℃ steam sterilization.　　Material: desulfurization ash powder, high temperature resistance: 400-500 degrees, currently using stainless steel material.

　　【偏置式旋转阀】适用于≤2kg/cm²系统压力或压差。设置排气口(正压输送时选用)将叶轮旋转带出的气体通过排气口送至排气装置，提高填充效率。　　Biased rotary valves are suitable for system pressures or pressure differentials of ≤ 2kg/cm ². Set up an exhaust port (selected for positive pressure conveying) to send the gas carried out by the impeller rotation to the exhaust device through the exhaust port, improving the filling efficiency.　　1. 进料口采用防卡进料口设计，能将物料均匀投入叶轮每个角落。根据不同介质调整间隙设计，采用V形叶片及其他特殊转子形式，物料运行更流畅。　　2. 进料口设有防切料入口设计，适用于颗粒、块状、片状物料输送。通过减少叶轮与阀体的接触面，物料被拨开分离有更多角度落入叶腔，减少阻力，卡滞问题。　　法兰形式：圆形、方形、偏置式　　广泛适用于石化、化工、钢厂、电厂、矿山、水泥、环保等行业中气力输送、计量等场合，尤其适用颗粒料，也可用于粉末料的输送。【电话/微信咨询：陈经理18068546632】　　偏置式旋转阀产品特点：　　壳体及主要零部件采用精密铸造，外形美观;　　高强度的阀体及轴，可承受高压且运转平稳;　　特殊防卡料设计，避免运转中粒子剪断现象;【电话/微信咨询：陈经理18068546632】　　先进的轴部密封结构，采用气体吹扫装置防止粉尘进入轴承。          《扫二维码-添加 陈经理 微信-咨询偏置式旋转阀》　　1. The feed inlet adopts an anti jamming design, which can evenly feed the material into every corner of the impeller. Adjust the gap design according to different media, adopt V-shaped blades and other special rotor forms, and ensure smoother material operation.　　2. The feed inlet is designed with anti cutting material inlet, suitable for conveying granular, block, and sheet materials. By reducing the contact surface between the impeller and the valve body, the material is separated and more angles fall into the blade cavity, reducing resistance and jamming problems.　　Flange form: circular, square, offset type.　　Widely applicable in industries such as petrochemicals, chemicals, steel mills, power plants, mines, cement, environmental protection, etc. for pneumatic conveying, metering, etc., especially suitable for granular materials, and can also be used for conveying powder materials.

　　内衬聚氨酯卸料阀的工作原理是通过电动机驱动传递给减速机，‌减速机通过联轴器或链轮使旋转阀的转子旋转。‌在旋转过程中，‌材料已经在旋转叶片的空间里，‌叶片旋转将粉料/颗粒料/粉体/固体物料旋转到排出口，‌材料的自重流入输送系统或储藏室。　　内衬聚氨酯卸料阀主要有以下优点：　　1、防腐性能好：聚氨酯卸料阀常用于输送腐蚀性介质，内衬可以提高星型卸料阀的耐腐蚀性，从而延长阀门的使用寿命。　　2、耐磨性能好：内衬聚氨酯材料硬度高，可以保护星型卸料阀，减少阀门的磨损。　　3、密封性好：内衬聚氨酯卸料阀可以保证阀门的密封性更好，防止物料泄漏。【电话/微信咨询：陈经理 18068546632】       　　快开门式星型卸料阀：松开固定螺栓，打开端盖门，抽出转子，清洗后转子推入壳体内，旋紧定位螺栓。      《扫二维码-添加 陈经理 微信-咨询内衬聚氨酯卸料阀》　　The working principle of the lined polyurethane discharge valve is transmitted to the reducer through an electric motor drive, and the reducer rotates the rotor of the rotary valve through a coupling or sprocket. During the rotation process, the material is already in the space of the rotating blade. The blade rotation rotates the powder/granular material/powder/solid material to the discharge outlet, and the self weight of the material flows into the conveying system or storage room.　　The lined polyurethane discharge valve has the following advantages:　　1. Good anti-corrosion performance: Polyurethane discharge valves are often used to transport corrosive media, and the lining can improve the corrosion resistance of star shaped discharge valves, thereby extending their service life.　　2. Good wear resistance: The polyurethane lining material has high hardness, which can protect the star shaped discharge valve and reduce valve wear.　　3. Good sealing: The polyurethane lined discharge valve can ensure better sealing of the valve and prevent material leakage.

尼龙旋转阀由本公司自主研制，适用于不可接触金属物料的卸料。箱体、叶轮以及端盖，都采用整块尼龙铣削加工，结构牢靠，运行无噪音，相较于陶瓷阀，可以节省成本，是锂电/化工/制药行业新宠。尼龙旋转阀采用加厚叶轮设计，与壳体配合间隙小，结构精密，使用过程中不易漏风不易漏料，防堵耐用。尼龙旋转阀所采用的尼龙材料具有良好的高温稳定性，可在高温条件下安全使用。它是一种用于输送介质的可靠材料。【电话/微信咨询：陈经理18068546632】旋转阀内衬四氟作用：内衬四氟在一定的温度条件下热稳定性极高并且耐磨性很好，同时有着优良的耐油性和耐酸碱性能，与金属材料有良好抗腐蚀性及耐磨性。良好的物理机械性能也很重要：摩擦系数小，耐磨损和耐高温等性能;可防止金属腐蚀;能够加工成各种形状、不同尺寸和不同形状、不同颜色的涂层，还具有良好的耐化学腐蚀性及抗氧化性。它的优良特性解决了我国锂电、化工、石油、制药等领域的许多问题，同时也被应用为密封材料和填充材料。【电话/微信咨询：陈经理18068546632】内衬四氟旋转阀放料阀具备卓 越的密封性能，能够确保旋转阀严密封闭。它能够有效防止介质泄漏和外部杂质进入，保护工艺过程的安全性和稳定性。         《扫二维码-添加 陈经理 微信-咨询产品或定制》The nylon rotary valve is independently developed by our company and is suitable for unloading non-contact metal materials. The casing, impeller, and end cap are all machined with a single piece of nylon, which has a reliable structure and operates without noise. Compared with ceramic valves, it can save costs and is a new favorite in the lithium battery industry.The nylon rotary valve adopts a thickened impeller design, which has a small clearance with the shell and a precise structure. It is not easy to leak air or material during use, and is durable and anti blocking.The nylon material used in the nylon rotary valve has good high-temperature stability and can be safely used under high temperature conditions. It is a reliable material used for conveying media.Internal PTFE lining of rotary valve:The PTFE lining has extremely high thermal stability and good wear resistance under certain temperature conditions, as well as excellent oil and acid alkali resistance. It also has good corrosion resistance and wear resistance compared to metal materials. Good physical and mechanical properties are also important: low friction coefficient, wear resistance, and high temperature resistance; Can prevent metal corrosion; It can be processed into coatings of various shapes, sizes, shapes, and colors, and also has good chemical corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance. Its excellent characteristics have solved many problems in China's lithium battery, chemical, petroleum, pharmaceutical and other fields, and have also been applied as sealing materials and filling materials.The PTFE lined rotary valve discharge valve has excellent sealing performance, ensuring that the rotary valve is tightly sealed. It can effectively prevent medium leakage and external impurities from entering, protecting the safety and stability of the process.

　　干熄焦旋转密封阀既能连续定量地排料，又具有良好的密封性及耐磨性。可以有效地控制干熄炉内的循环气体和粉尘的外泄，稳定干熄炉内循环气体的压力，是现代先进干熄焦工艺必选的关键设备。　　我公司专 业生产(B)GFY、YJD系列关风机(关风器)、星型卸料器、DS系列电动锁气器、DN型旋转阀，快开阀、清洁阀、风送式旋转阀等产品。广泛应用于粮食、饲料、石油化工、制药、淀粉、油脂、化工干燥、除尘、冶金、环保、电子、煤炭、建筑、电力机械等行业设备上。用于固体粒料、粉料、超微粉体在气力输送及管网正负压状态下的卸料。【电话/微信咨询：陈经理18068546632】　　冷焦排出系统：　　冷却后的焦炭由电磁振动给料器定量排出，送入旋转密封阀，通过旋转密封阀的旋转在封住干熄炉内循环气体不向炉外泄漏的情况下，把焦炭连续地排出，连续定量排出的焦炭通过排焦溜槽送到带式输送机上输出。　　干熄焦冷焦排出设备由排焦装置及运焦皮带两部分组成。排焦装置包括检修用平板闸门、电磁振动给料器、旋转密封阀、吹扫风机、自动润滑装置、排焦溜槽等设备。　　1、平板闸门：安装在干熄炉底部出口。正常生产时平板闸门完全打开，在年修或排焦装置需要检修时，关闭平板闸门防止干熄炉底部的焦炭落下。　　2、磁振动给料器：是焦炭定量排焦装置，通过改变励磁电流大小，来改变电磁振动给料器的振幅，从而改变焦炭的排出量。电磁振动给料器内设有振幅和温度检测器。　　3、旋转密封阀：把振动给料器定量排出的焦炭在密闭状态下连续地排出。设有正反转，正常生产时正转，事故时反转。　　4、排焦溜槽：排焦溜槽是将旋转密封阀排出的焦炭送至皮带机的设备，以保证干熄焦装置的连续正常运转。排焦溜槽位于旋转密封阀下部，旋转密封阀连续排出的焦炭通过排焦溜槽中挡板的切换，排到指定的皮带机上。　　5、吹扫风机：吹扫风机向电磁振动给料器、旋转密封阀不间断地吹入空气，以保证设备壳体内部正压，防止灰尘进入，延长设备使用寿命，同时降低电磁振动给料器线圈的温度，电磁振动给料器线圈的温度要求不高于设定值。当吹扫风机出现故障时，通电磁切换阀自动切换到管道压缩空气或氮气给电磁振动给料器和旋转密封阀送风。　　6、自动给脂泵：自动润滑泵定时、定量地向旋转密封阀的轴承和密封环提供润滑脂。自动润滑的时间间隔由人工设定，该装置设有油位低下检测及换向检测等。自动给脂泵设现场单独操作、中 央控制室单独操作和中控室PLC连动操作三种操作方式。　　7、运焦皮带：由干熄炉冷却段冷却后的焦炭经平板闸门、电磁振动给料器、旋转密封阀及排焦溜槽排至运焦皮带上，由运焦皮带将冷焦运走。运焦皮带机上设有电子皮带秤、高温辐射计及超温洒水装置。电子皮带秤对焦炭进行连续称量，称量值与设定值的偏差值反馈给电磁振动给料器，将排焦量控制在稳定的设定值范围。当高温辐射计检测到排出的焦炭温度超过设定的排焦温度上限时，喷水装置启动，喷水降温，以防烧坏皮带机。皮带机机头机尾落料点设灰尘点，为安全正常运行还设有皮带纠偏装置及拉绳开关。【电话/微信咨询：陈经理18068546632】　　常州同得利机械厂拥有多年的研发生产/定制卸料阀旋转阀的经验，秉承质量第 一、用户至 上的原则。我们的旋转阀能够处理锂电池、钢厂、电厂、水泥、矿山、环保、塑料、化工、食品和医药等行业的各种颗粒、片状、块状物料、粉料、超微粉体等。              《扫二维码-添加 陈经理 微信-咨询产品》 　　The dry quenching rotary sealing valve can continuously and quantitatively discharge materials, and has good sealing and wear resistance. It can effectively control the leakage of circulating gas and dust inside the dry quenching furnace, stabilize the pressure of circulating gas inside the dry quenching furnace, and is a key equipment that must be selected for modern advanced dry quenching technology.　　Our company specializes in the production of (B) GFY, YJD series shut-off fans (shut-off fans), star shaped unloaders, DS series electric air locks, DN type rotary valves, quick opening valves, cleaning valves, pneumatic rotary valves, and other products. Widely used in industries such as grain, feed, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, starch, fats, chemical drying, dust removal, metallurgy, environmental protection, electronics, coal, construction, and power machinery. Used for unloading solid particles, powders, and ultrafine powders under pneumatic conveying and positive and negative pressure in pipeline networks.　　Rotary sealing valve: continuously discharge the coke quantitatively discharged from the vibrating feeder in a closed state. Equipped with forward and reverse rotation, it can rotate forward during normal production and reverse during accidents.

　　双叶轮旋转阀，主要用于钢厂、电厂等行业。　　适用于卸料量调节范围更大的工况。　　下料面积大、不堵料不卡料。　　双转子驱动、双转子调节。　　常州同得利专 业生产(B)GFY、YJD系列关风机(关风器)、星型卸料器、DS系列电动锁气器、DN型旋转阀，快开阀、清洁阀、风送式旋转阀等产品。广泛应用于粮食、饲料、石油化工、制药、淀粉、油脂、化工干燥、除尘、冶金、环保、电子、煤炭、建筑、电力机械等行业设备上。用于固体粒料、粉料、超微粉体在气力输送及管网正负压状态下的卸料。　　Double bladed rotary valve, mainly used in industries such as steel mills and power plants.　　Suitable for working conditions with a wider range of discharge volume adjustment.　　Large cutting area, no blockage or jamming.　　Dual rotor drive, dual rotor adjustment.　　Changzhou Tongdeli specializes in the production of (B) GFY, YJD series shut-off fans (shut-off fans), star shaped unloaders, DS series electric air locks, DN type rotary valves, quick opening valves, cleaning valves, and pneumatic rotary valves. Widely used in industries such as grain, feed, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, starch, fats, chemical drying, dust removal, metallurgy, environmental protection, electronics, coal, construction, and power machinery. Used for unloading solid particles, powders, and ultrafine powders under pneumatic conveying and positive and negative pressure in pipeline networks.

　　高压星型旋转阀为我公司自主研发，具备在高压工况下运行能力，耐压能力达到1MPa。　　主要结构：壳体、叶轮、端盖、采购机械手喷涂，碳化钨、纳米陶瓷、四氟。　　主要用于输送电池正极材料，磷酸铁锂，三元材料等。【电话/微信咨询：陈经理18068546632】　　特点：杜绝金属接触，防腐蚀，增加使用寿命。            《扫二维码-添加 陈经理 微信-咨询产品》　　The high-pressure star type rotary valve is independently developed by our company and has the ability to operate under high pressure conditions, with a pressure resistance of up to 1MPa.　　Main structure: shell, impeller, end cover, procurement mechanical arm spraying, tungsten carbide, nano ceramic, PTFE.　　Mainly used for transporting battery cathode materials, lithium iron phosphate, ternary materials, etc.　　Features: Eliminate metal contact, prevent corrosion, and increase service life.

　　卸料阀可分为：普通型，耐压型，外装耐温耐压型，快速清洗型，定量型。　　尼龙快拆卸料阀由本公司自主研制，适用于不可接触金属物料的卸料。箱体、叶轮以及端盖，都采用整块尼龙铣削加工，结构牢靠，运行无噪音，相较于陶瓷阀，可以节省成本，是锂电行业新宠。【电话/微信咨询：陈经理18068546632】　　锂电池正负极原料输送旋转卸料阀常见分类有：滑杆星型卸料阀，侧快拆卸料阀，陶瓷星型卸料阀，尼龙旋转卸料阀，钛合金星型卸料阀，四氟星型卸料阀，耐压星型卸料阀。　　尼龙快拆卸料阀主要结构：壳体、叶轮、端盖，采用改性尼龙。　　主要用于输送电池正极材料、磷酸铁锂、三元材料等。　　特点：改性尼龙比普通尼龙更耐磨，耐高温。【电话/微信咨询：陈经理18068546632】　　常州同得利技术研发于2016年，批量生产于2018年，2020年更新第4代尼龙星型阀，目前有尼龙星型阀发明专 利。            《扫二维码-添加 陈经理 微信-咨询产品或定制》　　The discharge valve can be divided into: ordinary type, pressure resistant type, external temperature and pressure resistant type, quick cleaning type, and quantitative type.　　The nylon quick disassembly material valve is independently developed by our company and is suitable for unloading non-contact metal materials. The casing, impeller, and end cover are all processed using a single piece of nylon milling, with a reliable structure and noiseless operation. Compared to ceramic valves, they can save costs and are a new favorite in the lithium battery industry.　　The common classifications of rotary discharge valves for the transportation of positive and negative raw materials in lithium batteries include: sliding rod star discharge valves, side quick release valves, ceramic star discharge valves, nylon rotary discharge valves, titanium alloy star discharge valves, PTFE star discharge valves, and pressure resistant star discharge valves.　　The main structure of the nylon quick disassembly material valve is a shell, impeller, and end cover, which are made of modified nylon.　　Mainly used for transporting battery cathode materials, lithium iron phosphate, ternary materials, etc.　　Features: Modified nylon is more wear-resistant and heat-resistant than ordinary nylon.　　Changzhou Tongdeli Technology was developed in 2016. mass-produced in 2018. and updated its fourth generation nylon star valve in 2020. Currently, it has a nylon star valve invention patent.

　　尼龙快拆式旋转阀密封优越，用感无忧：结构稳定，密封性能良好。可用于粉料、小颗粒物料，在正负极压差吸送过程中将物料分离排出。采用加厚叶轮设计，与壳体配合间隙小，结构精密，使用过程中不易漏风不易漏料，防堵耐用。　　此产品由本公司自主研制，适用于不可接触金属物料的卸料。箱体、叶轮以及端盖，都采用整块尼龙铣削加工，结构牢靠，运行无噪音，相较于陶瓷阀，可以节省成本，是锂电行业新宠。【电话/微信咨询：陈经理18068546632】　　快速清洗型：快速清洗旋转阀制作精致、成功使用德、日技术制造之精华。产品拆装灵活、易于清洗。主要用于化工、制药、食品等行业高卫生标准的物料卸料及经常更换物料的场所工作。　　可拆卸叶轮：便于快速拆卸清洗旋转阀的物料接触面。　　驱动方式：链驱动/马达直连驱动。　　动力配置：摆线针轮减速机，Y系列电机(可按客户指定动力配置)。　　材质：尼龙系列。　　滑杆式：清洗前的拆卸。松开螺栓手柄，沿导柱将端盖轻轻拉至极限，抽出叶轮，双手握住叶轮两端抽颈取出。清洗后，装入叶轮(转动叶轮使花键齿合)，推入端盖(转动活动轴柄使花键齿合)，拧紧螺栓手柄。【电话/微信咨询：陈经理18068546632】　　快开门式：操作方法基本如上所述。            《扫二维码-添加 陈经理 微信-咨询产品或定制》　　Nylon quick release rotary valve has superior sealing and worry free use: stable structure and good sealing performance. Can be used for powder and small particle materials, to separate and discharge materials during the positive and negative pressure difference suction process. Adopting a thickened impeller design, the clearance between the impeller and the shell is small, the structure is precise, and it is not easy to leak air or materials during use, and it is durable and anti clogging.　　This product is independently developed by our company and is suitable for unloading non-contact metal materials. The casing, impeller, and end cover are all processed using a single piece of nylon milling, with a reliable structure and noiseless operation. Compared to ceramic valves, they can save costs and are a new favorite in the lithium battery industry.　　Rapid cleaning type: the rapid cleaning rotary valve is exquisitely made, and successfully uses the essence of German and Japanese technology. The product is flexible in disassembly and easy to clean. Mainly used for unloading materials with high hygiene standards in industries such as chemical, pharmaceutical, and food, as well as working in places where materials are frequently replaced.　　Detachable impeller: facilitates quick disassembly and cleaning of the material contact surface of the rotary valve.　　Drive mode: chain drive/motor direct connection drive.　　Power configuration: cycloidal pinwheel reducer, Y-series motor (can be configured according to customer specifications).　　Material: Nylon series.　　Sliding rod type: disassembly before cleaning. Release the bolt handle, gently pull the end cover along the guide pillar to the limit, extract the impeller, and hold both ends of the impeller with both hands to extract the necks. After cleaning, install the impeller (rotate the impeller to fit the spline teeth), push in the end cover (rotate the movable shaft handle to fit the spline teeth), and tighten the bolt handle.　　Quick opening type: The operation method is basically as described above.